Linking size‐based trophodynamics and morphological traits in marine fishes

The rule of thumb in marine trophodynamics indicates that the bigger an organism, the higher its trophic level (TROPH). This generalization leads to the assumption that fishes increase their TROPH with growth. However, a recent review showed that for many species, TROPH does not increase with body size, suggesting that size‐independent feeding is not rare in marine fishes. Here, we assessed some morphological traits of marine fishes that could potentially be used as indicators for the ability to vary TROPH with body size. Stable isotope values of nitrogen were used as a proxy TROPH. The specific objectives were as follows: (a) to evaluate the relationship between the oral gape and the trophodynamic trend and (b) to quantify the relevance of 11 external morphological traits in determining the size‐based trophodynamics. We used random forest models to identify the morphological traits that would help predict which species would have the potential to increase TROPH with growth and which would have not. The selected traits included the pelvic fin relative position, the dorsal fin shape, total length, and relative mouth size. Our results also showed a marked relationship between the rate of increase in the oral gape and TROPH. The analyses presented here provide the first comprehensive and quantitative review aiming at linking the trophodynamics of marine fishes with external morphological traits.     

车-液耦合响应下液罐车稳定性控制仿真

为了提高液罐车行驶安全性、减少液罐车侧翻、失稳所带来的危害,对于液罐车在转向或换道时车-液耦合动态响应对整车稳定性的影响进行了研究。联合液体纳维斯托克斯和流动控制方程,应用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS/Fluent建立并求解液体晃动模型,通过结合液体晃动模型和三自由度液罐车刚体模型获得液罐车车-液耦合动力学模型,分析有无控制策略情况下,液体晃动对液罐车横向稳定性的影响。仿真结果表明:提出的模糊差动制动控制策略能够有效提高车辆抗侧翻能力,减少罐车运输过程中交通事故的发生,对液罐车运输有指导意义。     

5种杀虫剂超低容量液剂对玉米田草地贪夜蛾的防治效果

草地贪夜蛾是新入侵我国的迁飞性重大害虫,为害玉米的心叶、生长点及雄穗等,能引起严重的损伤、烂心、授粉不良等,导致玉米减产甚至绝产。本文评价了5种杀虫剂超低容量液剂通过低容量喷雾对玉米田草地贪夜蛾的防治效果。结果表明,在相同的原药成本下,6%甲维·茚虫威超低容量液剂和1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐超低容量液剂具有优异的保叶效果和杀虫效果,5%氯虫苯甲酰胺超低容量液剂在较低的用量下(有效用量1 g/667m~2)具有良好的保叶和杀虫效果,3%呋虫胺超低容量液剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫基本无效,但有一定的保叶效果。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定油菜薹中反式维生素K1含量

为准确测定反式维生素K1的含量，建立了基于固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱的甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）菜薹反式维生素K1高灵敏检测技术。样品经正己烷提取、中性氧化铝柱净化后，用C30反相色谱柱，以甲醇 （含0.025%甲酸+2.5 mmol/L甲酸铵）为流动相，采用选择反应监测（selected reaction monitoring, SRM）模式进行定量分析，20 min内可实现顺反异构体色谱分离。方法学考察结果显示，反式维生素K1在范围内线性关系良好，相关系数为0.9985。该方法检出限为0.29 μg/kg，定量限为0.95 μg/kg。回收率为87.5%～117.6%，精密度（RSD）在0.72% ～9.59%之间。利用该方法对油菜薹和反式维生素K1含量高的3种蔬菜进行分析，发现油菜薹中反式维生素K1含量为340.08 μg/100g，高于小白菜（B. rapa spp. chinensis，260.93 μg/100g）、西兰花（B. oleracea var. Italic Planch， 167.65 μg/100g）和结球甘蓝（B. oleracea var. capitata，151.11 μg/100g）。本文建立的蔬菜中反式维生素K1准确定量分析方法操作简单、灵敏度高、结果准确。同时比较发现油菜薹是一种富含维生素K1的蔬菜。      

油菜薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷组分及含量分析

采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法，对30 个油菜品种薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷（glucosinolate，简称硫苷）的组分及含量进行测定。结果表明：30 个油菜品种的总硫苷含量变异范围较大，在21.67～119.29 μmol·g^-1 之间；大多数油菜品种蕾中的硫苷含量高于薹，蕾中硫苷含量均值为37.26 μmol·g^-1，薹中为28.06 μmol·g^-1；薹和蕾中的硫苷组分相似，均以4- 戊烯基硫苷和2- 羟基-3- 丁烯基硫苷为主要成分，两者在薹和蕾中的含量分别占总硫苷含量的46.24%、28.52% 和45.19%、29.13%。进一步分析高、中、低硫苷含量油菜品种的硫苷组分及含量，结果表明油菜不同品种间硫苷含量的差异主要是由4- 戊烯基硫苷引起的。     

长期施用沼肥对设施菜田土壤养分和盐分累积量的影响

为研究规模养猪场沼液沼渣在农田施用对土壤养分及盐分含量累积的影响,以安康市某养猪场农业园区施用沼液设施菜田土壤为研究对象,以当地常规施用化肥设施菜田为对照,定点采集施用沼肥区和对照区0 a、1 a、3 a、5 a和7 a的设施菜地土壤,分别测定土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、全铜、全锌质量分数及电导率和pH。结果表明,随着沼液沼渣施用年限的增加,土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、全铜、全锌质量分数和电导率均相应增加,7 a后分别达96.1 mg/kg、91.5 mg/kg、73.7 mg/kg、11.9 g/kg、118.5 mg/kg、263.4 mg/kg和0.366 mS/cm,分别是未施用沼液沼渣土壤中各成分含量的3.4倍、1.5倍、3.3倍、1.3倍、3.9倍、1.88倍和4.74倍,说明施用沼液沼渣能有效增加土壤养分含量,同时土壤养分和盐分快速累积,对土壤环境带来较大的污染风险。     

菜籽油裂解燃料离子液体催化酯化反应降酸工艺的研究

为了降低裂解燃料酸值,增加燃料的稳定性能,将吡啶丁烷磺酸硫酸氢盐应用于菜籽油裂解燃料的酯化反应。考察了催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等对酸值的影响,并在最佳优化条件下考察了裂解燃料成品的理化性质。结果表明:吡啶丁烷磺酸硫酸氢盐对催化酯化反应具有很高的催化活性。优化工艺条件为:催化剂用量1.2%、反应温度75℃、反应时间70 min,在此工艺条件下,酸值降低到1.0 mgKOH/g以下。     

烯虫酯原药中S-对映体的手性拆分及测定方法研究

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以正己烷及异丙醇混合溶剂为流动相,用CHIRALPAK AD-H色谱柱和二极管阵列检测器,在270nm下,对烯虫酯对映体进行拆分,并用外标法测定烯虫酯中S体的含量,该方法的线性相关系数为:0.999 5,标准偏差为:0.20,变异系数为:0.21%,平均回收率为:99.55%,结果表明:该方法可用于测定S-烯虫酯原药的含量。     

Highly recurrent BRAF p.V595E mutation in canine papillary oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral epithelial malignancy in dogs. It exhibits locally aggressive biological behaviour with the potential to metastasize, and a reported 1-year survival rate of 0% when left untreated. Expression studies suggest that aberrant MAPK signalling plays a key role in canine OSCC tumorigenesis, which is consistent with BRAF and HRAS MAPK-activating mutations reported in some tumours. Several morphological subtypes of canine OSCC have been described, with papillary, conventional, and basaloid as the most common patterns. We hypothesized that mutational differences may underlie these phenotypic variations. In this study, targeted Sanger sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays demonstrate that up to 85.7% of canine papillary OSCC (n = 14) harbour a BRAF p.V595E mutation. Assessment of neoplastic epithelial cell proliferation using Ki67 immunolabelling (n = 10) confirmed a relatively high proliferation activity, consistent with their known aggressive clinical behaviour. These findings underscore a consistent genetic feature of canine papillary OSCC and provide a basis for the development of novel diagnostic and targeted therapeutic approaches that can improve the quality of veterinary care.     

Tooth brushing inhibits oral bacteria in dogs

In this study, scaling, polishing and daily tooth brushing were performed in 20 beagle dogs, and the number of oral bacteria was determined using a bacterial counter. The dogs were randomized into the scaling (S), scaling + polishing (SP), scaling + tooth daily brushing (SB) and scaling + polishing + tooth daily brushing (SPB) groups. Samples were collected from the buccal surface of the maxillary fourth premolars of the dogs immediately after scaling and every week thereafter from weeks 1 to 8. Throughout the study, the number of bacteria was significantly lower in the SB and SPB groups compared with the S group. The findings suggest that daily tooth brushing inhibited oral bacterial growth in the dogs.